C++2a(C++20)コンセプトにおける原始制約(atomic constraint)では、パラメータ置換(parameter mapping)の失敗はハードエラー(ill-formed)を引き起こさず、その制約式を満たさない(not satisfied)と解釈される。C++17現在はstd::void_t
やstd::conjunction
を駆使した難解なテンプレートメタプログラミング技法が要求されるが、C++2aでは単純な制約式記述によるコンセプト定義により代替される。はず。\\\\٩( 'ω' )و ////
ある型T
がT::value_type = int
型を定義するか確認するメタ関数/コンセプトIntContainer
の実装例。
#include <type_traits>
template <class, class = std::void_t<>>
struct HasValueType
: std::false_type {};
template <class T>
struct HasValueType<T, std::void_t<typename T::value_type>>
: std::true_type {};
template <typename T>
struct IntValueType
: std::is_same<typename T::value_type, int> {};
template <typename T>
using IntContainer
= std::conjunction<HasValueType<T>, IntValueType<T>>;
static_assert( IntContainer<std::list<int>>::value);
static_assert(!IntContainer<std::list<char>>::value);
static_assert(!IntContainer<int>::value);
#include <concepts>
template <typename T>
concept IntContainer = std::same_as<typename T::value_type, int>;
static_assert( IntContainer<std::list<int>>);
static_assert(!IntContainer<std::list<char>>);
static_assert(!IntContainer<int>);
ノート:制約式IntContainer<int>
の正規形はstd::same_as<typename T::value_type, int>
(T=int
)よりstd::is_same_v<T↦typename int::value_type, U↦int>
∧ std::is_same_v<T↦int, U↦typename int::value_type>
となり*1、typename int::value_type
は無効な型のため原始制約はいずれも満たされない(not satisfied)。たぶん\( 'ω' )/
C++2a DIS(N4681) 13.5.1.2/p1, p3, 13.5.3/p1-2より一部引用(下線部は強調)。
1 An atomic constraint is formed from an expression E
and a mapping from the template parameters that appear within E
to template arguments that are formed via substitution during constraint normalization in the declaration of a constrained entity (and, therefore, can involve the unsubstituted template parameters of the constrained entity), called the parameter mapping (13.5.2). (snip)
3 To determine if an atomic constraint is satisfied, the parameter mapping and template arguments are first substituted into its expression. If substitution results in an invalid type or expression, the constraint is not satisfied. Otherwise, the lvalue-to-rvalue conversion (7.3.1) is performed if necessary, and E
shall be a constant expression of type bool
. The constraint is satisfied if and only if evaluation of E
results in true
. If, at different points in the program, the satisfaction result is different for identical atomic constraints and template arguments, the program is ill-formed, no diagnostic required. (snip)
1 The normal form of an expression E
is a constraint (13.5.1) that is defined as follows:
- (snip)
- The normal form of a concept-id
C<A1, A2, ..., An>
is the normal form of the constraint-expression of C
, after substituting A1, A2, ..., An
for C
's respective template parameters in the parameter mappings in each atomic constraint. If any such substitution results in an invalid type or expression, the program is ill-formed; no diagnostic is required. [Example:
template<typename T> concept A = T::value || true;
template<typename U> concept B = A<U*>;
template<typename V> concept C = B<V&>;
Normalization of B
's constraint-expression is valid and results in T::value
(with the mapping T ↦ U*
) ∨ true
(with an empty mapping), despite the expression T::value
being ill-formed for a pointer type T
. Normalization of C
's constraint-expression results in the program being ill-formed, because it would form the invalid type V&*
in the parameter mapping. --end example]
- The normal form of any other expression
E
is the atomic constraint whose expression is E
and whose parameter mapping is the identity mapping.
2 The process of obtaining the normal form of a constraint-expression is called normalization. [Note: Normalization of constraint-expressions is performed when determining the associated constraints (13.5.1) of a declaration and when evaluating the value of an id-expression that names a concept specialization (7.5.4). --end note]
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